Analyzers

Particle size analysis, particle size measurement, or simply particle sizing is the collective name of the technical procedures, or laboratory techniques which determines the size range, and/or the average, or mean size of the particles in a powder sample.

Particle size analysis is part of Particle Science, and its determination is carried out generally in particle technology laboratories.

The particle size can have considerable importance in a number of industries including the chemical, mining, forestry, agriculture, and aggregate industries.

* When one of the reactants is a powder, or when in a chemical reaction the catalyst is in a pulverised state, either in a fixed bed, or in a fluidised reactor.

The Particle Technology Forum, an international and interdisciplinary forum, but also a division of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers says: «…particle technology — that branch of science and engineering dealing with the production, handling, modification, and use of a wide variety of particulate materials, both wet or dry, in sizes ranging from nanometers to centimeters… spans a range of industries to include chemical, petrochemical, agricultural, food, pharmaceuticals, mineral processing, advanced materials, energy, and the environment»

There are a large number of methods for the determination of particle size, and it is important to state at the outset, that these different methods are not expected to give identical resülts: the size of a powder depends on the method used for its measurement, and it is important to choose that method for its determination which is relevant to its use.

The size of materials being processed in an operation is very important. Having oversize material being conveyed will cause damage to equipment and slow down production. Particle-size analysis also helps the effectiveness of SAG Mills when crushing material.

Particle-size analysis in the agriculture industry is paramount because unwanted materials will contaminate products if they are not detected. By having an automated particle size analyzer, companies can closely monitor their processes.

Vapor Pressure Process Analyzer – MINIVAP Online

MINIVAP ON-LINE is a process monitoring analyzer for the determination of the vapor pressure of gasoline, crude oil, LPG and NPG.
Also, the vapor-liquid ratio (LVR) of gasoline can be measured.
The measuring principle is identical to the worldwide used laboratory instruments MINVAP VPS and LPG and therefore MINIVAP ON-LINE produces equivalent results.
Up to 2 different sample streams can be connected to one single analyzer. It is the only available process vapor pressure tester that fully complies to the industry relevant ASTM standards for gasoline (ASTM D6378), crude oil (D6377) and LPG (D6897).
On-line Compliance Monitoring for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline, LPG and Crude Oil and Vapor/Liquid-Ratio Temperature of Gasoline (V/L=20)

VAPOR PRESSURE TESTER COMPLIES WITH:
*ASTM D6378 – Vapor Pressure of Gasoline (VPx)
*ASTM D6377 – Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil
*ASTM D6897 – Latest standard for Vapor Pressure of LPG

EXCELLENT CORRELATION TO:
*ASTM D5188 – V/L-Ratio: T (V/L = 20)
*ASTM D1267 – Vapor Pressure of LPG
*ASTM D323, D4953, D5191 (Correlation Formulas)
*EN 13016-1 / IP 394

OTHER FEATURES:
*One Single Instrument for up to 2 Sample Streams
*Multiple Point Measurements at Different Nominal Pressures
*Automatic Calibration & Offset Correction
*Temperature Controlled Sample Conditioning System
*7 Minutes Cycle Time
*Explosion Proof-Class I
*Fast & Easy Maintenance
*V/L-ratio: 4/1 (Gasoline & Crude Oil)
*V/L-ratio: 1/2 & 2/3 (LPG & NPG)
*V/L-ratio: 20/1 (LVR-temperature)

DNA analyzer is a device to determine a person’s DNA. While DNA analyzing usually done in a laboratory, as of 2007 NEC has built a portable DNA analyzer which able to produce the result within 25 minutes.

DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals on the basis of their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person’s DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person’s identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing.

Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA profiling uses repetitive (”repeat”) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs.

The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England,[2] and is now the basis of several national DNA databases.

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Try our free web site speed test to improve website performance. Enter a URL below to calculate page size, composition, and download time. The script calculates the size of individual elements and sums up each type of web page component. Based on these page characteristics the script then offers advice on how to improve page load time. The script incorporates the latest best practices from Website Optimization Secrets, web page size guidelines and trends, and web site optimization techniques into its recommendations.

An infrared gas analyzer measures trace gases by determining the absorption of an emitted infrared light source through a certain air sample. Trace gases found in the earths atmosphere get excited under specific wavelengths found in the infrared range. The concept behind the technology can be understood when considering the greenhouse effect. When sunlight hits earths surface, the incoming short wave radiation gets turned into long wave radiation|long wave infrared radiation that is reflected back into space. If there is a thick atmosphere on covering the planet of interest, much of this radiation is absorbed by the “greenhouse gases” in our atmosphere which act as a type of insulative blanket. The infrared gas analyzer works using a similar principle.

Normally, the infrared gas analyzer has two chambers, one serves as a reference chamber while the other chamber serves as a measurement chamber. Infrared light is emitted from some type of source on one end of the chamber, passes through series of chambers that contain given quantities of various gases in question. For example, if the analyzer is designed to measure carbon monoxide and dioxide then these chambers must contain a certain amount of these gases. In the design from 1973, the infrared light is emitted from a source where it passes through the sample gas, a reference gas with a known mixture of the gases in question and then through the “detector” chambers containing the pure forms of the gases in question. When a “detector” chamber absorbs some of the infrared radiation, it heats up and expands. This causes a rise in pressure within the sealed vessel that can be detected either with a pressure transducer or with a similar device. The combination of output voltages from the detector chambers from the sample gas can then be compared to the output voltages from the reference chamber.

A logic analyzer is an electronic instrument that displays signals in a digital circuit that are too fast to be observed and presents it to a user so that the user can more easily check the operation of the digital system with precision. They are typically used for capturing data in systems that have too many channels to be examined with an oscilloscope. Software running on the logic analyzer can convert the captured data into timing diagrams, protocol decodes, state machine traces, assembly language, or correlate assembly with source-level software.

Presently there are three distinct categories of logic analyzers available on the market:

* The first is mainframes, which consist of a chassis containing the display, controls, control computer, and multiple slots into which the actual data capturing hardware is installed.
* The second category is standalone units which integrate everything into a single package, with options installed at the factory.
* The third category is pc based logic analyzers. The hardware connects to a computer through a USB or LPT connection and then relays the captured signals to the software on the computer. These instruments are less expensive than either mainframes or standalone units although they lack the sophisticated functionality. These devices are typically much smaller, because they do not need displays or hardware input such as dials.

A spectrum analyzer or spectral analyzer is a device used to examine the spectral composition of some electrical, acoustic, or optical waveform. It may also measure the power spectrum.

There are analog and digital spectrum analyzers:

* An analog spectrum analyzer uses either a variable band-pass filter whose mid-frequency is automatically tuned (shifted, swept) through the range of frequencies of which the spectrum is to be measured or a superheterodyne receiver where the local oscillator is swept through a range of frequencies.
* A digital spectrum analyzer computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), a mathematical process that transforms a waveform into the components of its frequency spectrum.

Some spectrum analyzers (such as “real-time spectrum analyzers”) use a hybrid technique where the incoming signal is first down-converted to a lower frequency using superheterodyne techniques and then analyzed using fast fourier transformation (FFT) techniques.

A medical analyzer is a portable electronic device capable of identifying health and medical issues of a patient.

The analyzer has a white case with a corded scanning device, as well as an arm strap for easy carrying, and is standard equipment on expeditions

Patient monitoring systems employ only heart rate variability monitoring in intensive care units and intensive cardiac care units. Medical Analyzer, a PC based Software developed for the study of physiological variabilities, has unique feature that it yields heart rate variability, cardiac output variability, stroke volume variability/peripheral blood flow variability from a single data acquisition session from the patient. The data acquisition is controlled by the PC, serially connected to the acquisition unit. The variability analysis and transfer to database is performed by the PC with the help of user-friendly software.

A packet analyzer (also known as a network analyzer, protocol analyzer or sniffer, or for particular types of networks, an Ethernet sniffer or wireless sniffer) is computer software or computer hardware that can intercept and log traffic passing over a digital network or part of a network. As data streams flow across the network, the sniffer captures each packet and eventually decodes and analyzes its content according to the appropriate RFC or other specifications.

On wired broadcast LANs, depending on the network structure (hub or switch), one can capture traffic on all or just parts of the network from a single machine within the network; however, there are some methods to avoid traffic narrowing by switches to gain access to traffic from other systems on the network (e.g. ARP spoofing). For network monitoring purposes it may also be desirable to monitor all data packets in a LAN by using a network switch with a so-called monitoring port, whose purpose is to mirror all packets passing through all ports of the switch. When systems (computers) are connected to a switch port

On wireless LANs, one can capture traffic on a particular channel.

On wired broadcast and wireless LANs, to capture traffic other than unicast traffic sent to the machine running the sniffer software, multicast traffic sent to a multicast group to which that machine is listening, and broadcast traffic, the network adapter being used to capture the traffic must be put into promiscuous mode; some sniffers support this, others don’t. On wireless LANs, even if the adapter is in promiscuous mode, packets not for the service set for which the adapter is configured will usually be ignored. To see those packets, the adapter must be in monitor mode.

A network analyzer is an instrument used to analyze the properties of electrical networks, especially those properties associated with the reflection and transmission of electrical signals known as scattering parameters (S-parameters). Network analyzers are used mostly at high frequencies; operating frequencies can range from 9 kHz to 110 GHz.

Special types of network analyzers can also cover lower frequency ranges down to 1 Hz. These network analyzers can be used for example for the stability analysis of open loops or for the measurement of audio and ultra sonic components.

The two main categories of Network Analyzers are

* Scalar Network Analyzer (SNA) – Measures amplitude properties only
* Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) – Measures both amplitude and phase properties

A VNA may also be called a gain-phase meter or an Automatic Network Analyzer. An SNA is functionally identical to a spectrum analyzer in combination with a tracking generator. As of 2007[update], VNAs are the most common type of network analyzers, and so references to an unqualified ‘network analyzer’ most often mean a VNA. The three biggest VNA manufacturers are Agilent, Anritsu, and Rohde & Schwarz.

A new category of network analyzer is the Microwave Transition Analyzer (MTA) or Large Signal Network Analyzer (LSNA), which measure both amplitude and phase of the fundamental and harmonics. The MTA was commercialized before the LSNA, but was lacking some of the user-friendly calibration features now available with the LSNA.